Asian Journal of Environment & Ecology

Human-wildlife conflict (HWC) poses a major challenge for communities living around protected areas, particularly through crop raiding by wild animals. This study investigates the spatial and temporal dynamics of crop raiding in the eco-sensitive zone of Valmiki Tiger Reserve (VTR), India. A total of 428 households from 92 villages, stratified into three classes based on proximity to the reserve boundary, were surveyed using questionnaires, interviews, and field observations. Results show that crop depredation was most frequently caused by Nilgai (Boselaphus tragocamelus), Chital (Axis axis), and Gaur (Bos gaurus), accounting for over 50% of reported incidents.Seasonal analysis revealed that winter and monsoon were the most vulnerable periods for crop raiding, collectively contributing to more than 70% of cases. Local communities primarily relied on fencing (65.27%), thorny bushes (58.87%), and watch towers (49.51%) as mitigation measures, though these strategies were only partially effective. Statistical analysis using the Mann-Whitney U test confirmed significant variation in conflict intensity across village classes. The outcomes highlight the urgent need for sustainable, community-based conflict mitigation strategies and improved land-use planning to balance conservation objectives with the livelihood security of local communities.