Nitrogen Dioxide Monitoring In Urban Areas of Lahore, Pakistan
Asian Journal of Environment & Ecology,
Page 1-10
DOI:
10.9734/ajee/2022/v19i130333
Abstract
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) plays significant role in atmospheric chemistry mainly in secondary air pollutants formation which consequently result in environmental acidification. It has adverse impact on human health and considered as the second most harmful air pollutant after PM10 in major cities of Pakistan including Lahore. In this study, 15 major urban sites of Lahore with respect to vehicular flow were focused during rush hours from 1:30 pm to 9:30 pm for the monitoring of NO2 level. Chemiluminescence technique was applied to identify NO2 concentrations by using Horiba APNA-370 monitor. For sampling, four months of winter season November 2016 to February 2017 were selected and measured monthly average mean values; associated meteorological conditions like temperature, wind speed, rainfall and relative humidity were also monitored. A spatial distribution map of different locations for NO2 concentrations was developed by using geostatistical tool ArcGIS. The highest NO2 values near the main roads were mainly due to intense traffic flow and vehicular emissions unlike residential and commercial locations. Moreover, the NO2 level exceeded the NEQS standards at most of the sampling points during study. Therefore, it is mandatory to take desired steps in order to develop effective mechanism to control air pollution before it becomes a serious hazard for human beings living in urban areas.
Keywords:
- NO2
- air pollutants
- environment
- vehicular
- residential
- commercial
- urban areas
- traffic flow
- human health
- Lahore, Pakistan
How to Cite
Bilal, S. (2022). Nitrogen Dioxide Monitoring In Urban Areas of Lahore, Pakistan. Asian Journal of Environment & Ecology, 19(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.9734/ajee/2022/v19i130333
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Aunan K, Pan XC. Exposure-response functions for health effects of ambient air pollution applicable for China-ameta-analysis. Sci Total Environ. 2004;329(1-3):3-16.
Hadad K, Safavi A, Tahon R. Air pollution assessment in Shiraz by passive sampling techniques. Iran J Sci Technol. 2005;29:471.
Sivertsen B. Monitoring air quality, objectives and design. Chem Ind Chem Eng Q. 2008;14(3):167-71.
Ali M, Salman T, Khalid M, Asim D, Adila B, Zia UH. A study of aerosol properties over Lahore (Pakistan) by using AERONET data. Asia Pac J Atmos Sci. 2014;50:153-62.
Chen J, Wang W, Zhang J, Liu H, Ren L, Liu X, et al. Characteristics of gaseous pollutants near a main traffic line in Beijing and its influencing factors. Atmos Res. 2009;94(3):470-80.
Shan W, Yin Y, Zhang J, Ji X, Deng X. Surface ozone and meteorological conditions in a single year at an urban site in central eastern China. Environ Monit Assess. 2009;151(1-4):127-41.
Marković DM, Marković DA, Jovanović A, Lazić L, Mijić Z. Determination of O3, NO2, SO2, CO and PM10 measured in Belgrade urban area. Environ Monit Assess. 2008;145(1-3):349-59.
Martin P, Cabañas B, Villanueva F, Gallego MP, Colmenar I, Salgado S. Ozone and nitrogen dioxide levels monitored in an urban area (Ciudad Real) in central-southern Spain. Water Air Soil Pollut. 2010;208(1-4):305-16.
Chatterjee R. Municipal solid waste management in Kohima city-india. Iran J Environ Health Sci Eng. 2010;7(2):173-80.
Colbeck I, Nasir ZA, Ali Z, Ahmad S. Nitrogen dioxide and household fuel use in the Pakistan. Sci Total Environ. 2010; 409(2):357-63.
Ahmadi A, Abbaspour M, Arjmandi R, Abedi Z. Air Quality Risk Index (AQRI) and its application for a megacity. Int J Environ Sci Technol. 2015;12(12):3773-80.
Mirza AI, Kazmi SJH, Shirazi SA. Identification and analysis of A sustainable system of road traffic pattern in Lahore city. Pak J Sci. 2013;65(3):420-5.
Yasin G, Sattar S, Ahmad Faiz F. Rapid urbanization as a source of social and ecological decay: A case of Multan City, Pakistan. Asian Soc Sci. 2012;8(4):180-9.
Majid H, Madl P, Alam K. Ambient air quality with emphasis on roadside junctions in metropolitan cities of Pakistan and its potential health effects. Health. 2012;3(3):79-85.
Azmi SZ, Latif MT, Ismail AS, Juneng L, Jemain AA. Trend and status of air quality at three different monitoring stations in the Klang Valley, Malaysia. Air Qual Atmos Health. 2010;3(1):53-64.
Shah AS, Langrish JP, Nair H, McAllister DA, Hunter AL, Donaldson K et al. Global association of air pollution and heart failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2013;382(9897): 1039-48.
Colbeck ZAN, Ali Z. The state of ambient air quality in Pakistan-a review. Environ Sci Pollut Res. 2009;17(1):49-63.
Sharholy M, Ahmad K, Mahmood G, Trivedi RC. Municipal solid waste management in Indian cities – a review. Waste Manag. 2008;28(2):459-67.
Ahmad SS, Biiker P, Emberson L, Shabbir R. Monitoring nitrogen dioxide levels in urban areas in Rawalpindi, Pakistan. Water Air Soil Pollut. 2011;220(1-4):141-50.
World Health Organization (WHO). Nitrogen dioxide, air quality guidelines. 2nd ed. Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe, Ch: 7;2000.
Werner R, Valev D, Atanassov A, Guineva V, Kirillov A. Analysis of variations and trends of the NO2 slant column abundance obtained by DOAS measurements at Stara Zagora and at NDACC European mid– latitude stations in comparison with subtropical stations. J Atmos Sol–Terr Phys. 2013;99:134-42.
Shyam S, Nath K, Singh D. Harmful effects of air pollutants in biochemical parameters of plants. Res Environ Life Sci. 2008;1(2):65-8.
Ravindra K, Sokhi R, Vangrieken R. Atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: source attribution, emission factors and regulation. Atmos Environ. 2008;42(13):2895-921.
Stock ZS, Russo MR, Butler TM, Archibald AT, Lawrence MG, Telford PJ et al. Modelling the impact of megacities on local, regional and global tropospheric ozone and the deposition of nitrogen species. Atmos Chem Phys. 2013;13(24): 12215-31.
Behera SN, Sharma M, Dikshit O, Shukla SP. GIS-based emission inventory, dispersion modelling, and assessment for source contributions of particulate matter in an urban environment. Water Air Soil Pollut. 2011;218(1-4):423-36.
Alvarez R, Weilenmann M, Favez JY. Evidence of increased mass fraction of NO2 within real-world NOx emissions of modern light vehicles d derived from a reliable online measuring method. Atmos Environ. 2008;42(19):4699-707.
Emberson L, Ashmore M, Murray F. Air pollution impacts on crops and forests: A global assessment. Air Pollut Rev. 2003;4:7.
Gulia S, Shiva Nagendra SMS, Khare M, Khanna I. Urban air quality management A review. Atmos Pollut Res. 2015;6(2):286-304.
Ul-Haq Z, Tariq S, Ali M, Mahmood K, Batool SA, Rana AD. A study of tropospheric NO2 variability over Pakistan using OMI data. Atmos Pollut Res. 2014;5(4):709-20.
Lal S, Patil RS. Monitoring of atmospheric behaviour of NOx from vehicular traffic. Environ Monit Assess. 2001;68(1):37-50.
Kampa M, Castanas E. Human health effects of air pollution. Environ Pollut. 2008;151(2):362-7.
Gupta A, Kumar R, Kumari KM, Srivastava SS. Measurement of NO2, HNO3, NH3 and SO2 and related particulate matter at a rural site in Rampur, India. Atmos Environ. 2003;37(34):4837-46.
Zhou YP, Brunner D, Hueglin C, Henne S, Staehelin J. Changes in OMI tropospheric NO2 columns over Europe from 2004 to 2009 and the influence of meteorological variability. Atmos Environ. 2012;46:482-95.
Shon ZH, Kim KH, Song SK. Long–term trend in NO2 and NOx levels and their emission ratio in relation to road traffic activities in East Asia. Atmos Environ. 2011;45(18):3120-31.
Ashraf N, Mushtaq M, Sultana B, Iqbal M, Ullah I, Shahid SA. Preliminary monitoring of tropospheric air quality of Lahore City in Pakistan. Int J Chem Biochem Sci. 2013;3:(19-28).
Stott R. Carson’s syndrome: A major threat to the public’s health in the twenty-first century. Med Confl Surviv. 2000;16(1): 94-103.
Patz JA, Engelberg D, Last J. The effects of changing weather on public health. Annu Rev Public Health. 2000;21:271-307.
Rao SN, Singh NM. A reconnaissance of traffic noise pollution in the city of Patna. Indian J Environ Health. 2001;43:138-43.
Wong CL, Chau W, Wong LW. Environmental noise and community in Hong Kong. Noise Health. 2002;4(16):65-9. PMID 12537843.
Aunan K, Pan XC. Exposure-response functions for health effects of ambient air pollution applicable for China-ameta-analysis. Sci Total Environ. 2004;329(1-3):3-16.
Hadad K, Safavi A, Tahon R. Air pollution assessment in Shiraz by passive sampling techniques. Iran J Sci Technol. 2005;29:471.
Sivertsen B. Monitoring air quality, objectives and design. Chem Ind Chem Eng Q. 2008;14(3):167-71.
Ali M, Salman T, Khalid M, Asim D, Adila B, Zia UH. A study of aerosol properties over Lahore (Pakistan) by using AERONET data. Asia Pac J Atmos Sci. 2014;50:153-62.
Chen J, Wang W, Zhang J, Liu H, Ren L, Liu X, et al. Characteristics of gaseous pollutants near a main traffic line in Beijing and its influencing factors. Atmos Res. 2009;94(3):470-80.
Shan W, Yin Y, Zhang J, Ji X, Deng X. Surface ozone and meteorological conditions in a single year at an urban site in central eastern China. Environ Monit Assess. 2009;151(1-4):127-41.
Marković DM, Marković DA, Jovanović A, Lazić L, Mijić Z. Determination of O3, NO2, SO2, CO and PM10 measured in Belgrade urban area. Environ Monit Assess. 2008;145(1-3):349-59.
Martin P, Cabañas B, Villanueva F, Gallego MP, Colmenar I, Salgado S. Ozone and nitrogen dioxide levels monitored in an urban area (Ciudad Real) in central-southern Spain. Water Air Soil Pollut. 2010;208(1-4):305-16.
Chatterjee R. Municipal solid waste management in Kohima city-india. Iran J Environ Health Sci Eng. 2010;7(2):173-80.
Colbeck I, Nasir ZA, Ali Z, Ahmad S. Nitrogen dioxide and household fuel use in the Pakistan. Sci Total Environ. 2010; 409(2):357-63.
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